Master Thesis • Adidas Collaboration

Tribology of Running:
Investigating Slip Behavior at the Shoe–Ground Interface During Toe-Off

Developed a tribology-driven framework to investigate traction, slip initiation, and grip-to-slip transitions in elite running footwear during toe-off. The project combined analytical modelling, experimental testing, and surface interaction analysis to understand how PEBA foam properties, thickness, and ground texture influence running traction under realistic loading conditions.

Industry Partner

Adidas AG

University

University of Twente

Specialization

Design & Manufacturing

Focus Areas

Tribology • Contact Mechanics • Experimental R&D

Engineering Problem

Understanding Slip in Elite Running Footwear

Modern performance footwear is heavily optimized for cushioning and energy return, yet the mechanisms governing slip initiation during high-speed running remain insufficiently understood.

Existing studies largely focus on global friction measurements without linking local material deformation, contact evolution, surface roughness, and tangential loading behavior. This project addressed that gap by treating the shoe–ground interaction as a complete tribological system during the toe-off phase of running.

Core Objectives

  • • Characterize thickness-dependent mechanical response of PEBA foams
  • • Investigate contact evolution against textured running surfaces
  • • Model grip-to-slip transitions under tangential loading
  • • Correlate foam stiffness, surface texture, and traction behavior
  • • Develop a predictive framework for footwear slip behavior

Research Framework

Analytical and Experimental Methodology

Material Characterization

Used Hayes’ elastic layer indentation model to determine thickness-dependent stiffness behavior of PEBA foams used in performance footwear midsoles and outsoles.

Contact Mechanics

Applied Westergaard-based contact formulations to study contact evolution between compliant foam materials and textured asphalt-inspired surface geometries.

Friction & Slip Modelling

Implemented Adams’ partial-slip framework to investigate transitions between grip, partial slip, and full sliding during toe-off propulsion.

Experimental Investigation

Surface Interaction & Slip Testing

Conducted controlled normal and tangential loading experiments to investigate traction behavior across multiple PEBA foam thicknesses and asphalt-inspired surface textures.

High-resolution textured surfaces were replicated to study contact conformity, pressure distribution, and frictional transitions under realistic toe-off loading conditions.

Tools & Technologies

MATLABExperimental TestingContact MechanicsTribologySurface MetrologyData AnalysisPEBA Foam AnalysisFriction ModellingAnalytical Modelling3D Printed Surface Replication

Key Findings

Engineering Insights

Foam Stiffness Influences Slip Onset

Thinner and stiffer PEBA foams delayed slip initiation and sustained higher tangential loads before complete sliding occurred.

Surface Texture Alters Traction

Smoother surfaces produced significantly higher traction levels, while rougher textures altered conformity and interfacial behavior.

Compliance Affects Microslip

More compliant foams increased real contact area but promoted earlier microslip growth under rising tangential loading.

Framework for Predictive Design

The resulting framework provides a basis for integrating traction-aware criteria into simulation-driven footwear design workflows.

Product Development Relevance

Design Implications for Performance Footwear

Stiffness Zoning

Strategic stiffness gradients can balance cushioning and traction performance.

Surface-Specific Grip

Outsole behavior can be optimized based on running surface roughness.

Thickness Optimization

Foam thickness distribution can improve traction in high slip-risk zones.

Reduced Prototype Iterations

Predictive modelling enables faster simulation-driven product development.

Outcome

Developed a Tribology-Based Framework for Running Footwear Traction

This work established an initial physics-informed framework capable of linking material response, surface interaction, and frictional transitions during running toe-off. The project provides a foundation for future traction-aware footwear design, predictive simulation workflows, and performance-focused product development.